REVOCACIÓN DE MANDATO ¿Es factible una revocación de mandato presidencial en el 2021?
En la administración federal actual, existe un buenismo exagerado, que busca quedar bien con eltema de la democracia, y es de esta manera que surge el tema de la revocación de mandato. Una figura que es creada pensada en Andrés Manuel López Obrador que, sin duda alguna, superará fácilmente, solo falta echar un vistazo a las principales encuestas del país que le dan una aprobación promedio del 67%. Lo preocupante es para quien venga después, y se tenga que someter a una nueva revocación de mandato en el 2027.
En Latinoamérica, la revocación de mandato presidencial está presente en Venezuela, Bolivia, Ecuador y Cuba. Países donde en los últimos años, se han instalado dictaduras de facto. En Venezuela el ex presidente Hugo Chávez se sometió al referéndum en 2004, ratificando su presidencia pero que, en años venideros, desconoció y se instauró en el poder hasta su muerte; en el 2016 Nicolás Maduro se sometió al mismo proceso con unos resultados controversiales que se tornaron en protestas masivas. Ese mismo año el ex presidente Evo Morales perdió el referéndum revocatorio y se lanzó sin respetar los resultados a las elecciones generales en 2019, donde se proclamó nuevamente ganador; un desacierto político, que terminó con él, en un exilio que lo llevó por México y finalmente en Argentina donde reside actualmente.
Estos antecedentes dejan mucho que desear en una propuesta constitucional que tiene demasiados huecos. El argumento de López Obrador es que el pueblo manda, y si el pueblo manda habrá revocación, aunque a él no le aplique constitucionalmente. En caso de que el presidente obtuviera un resultado negativo, sería contradictorio que el pueblo no determinara quien sería el sucesor; no existe la figura del vicepresidente en México, y el poder legislativo no está facultado para nombrar a un presidente interino en este escenario. Convocar una elección presidencial en el cuarto año de gobierno, después de unas intermedias y un revocatorio, sería caro e implicaría paralizar políticamente al gobierno.
Si bien el argumento jurídico es sólido, está lejos de ser legal, más bien es político. La revocación como está planteada tiene un enorme déficit democrático, ya que está sujeta a numerosos inconvenientes. La propuesta señala que la revocación no ocurra el mismo día de las elecciones del próximo año. Aunque la consulta se lleve a cabo después, los candidatos de Morena se colgarían de la figura del presidente en su campaña, en virtud de defender la llamada cuarta transformación. Esto sería de gran ventaja para los contendientes morenistas y es que, históricamente en México, a los partidos de izquierda, no les va bien en las intermedias.
En las elecciones generales del 2006 con AMLO como candidato, el PRD obtuvo el 35% de los votos totales; en cambio, las intermedias del 2009 solo alcanzó el 13%. En el 2012, con López Obrador nuevamente en la carrera presidencial, el PRD logró un 32% en las elecciones generales, y en el 2015 bajó al 11% de los votos en total. Con el presidente merodeando las elecciones intermedias del 2021, es altamente probable que la intención del voto esté sesgada hacia Morena. Elecciones donde se competirán 14 gubernaturas, 500 diputados, y diversas alcaldías.
La figura de revocación es una herramienta de participación del pueblo. Si el presidente es quien convoca, la figura sería de ratificación, y deja de ser un instrumento ciudadano. Solo quienes busquen remover de su cargo al presidente pueden convocar, no el Ejecutivo, ni los legisladores. El mayor problema que este supuesto plantea, es la vulneración de los derechos político-electorales de los ciudadanos, que escogieron en una elección histórica con 33 millones de votos a un presidente por un periodo de cinco años y diez meses.
Esta figura no es nueva en México. El estado de Chihuahua lo introdujo en 1997, pero nunca fue activado y años más tarde fue declarado inconstitucional. Hoy en día algunas figuras políticas actuales lo están utilizándolo como gancho para el zeitgeist electoral del 2021. Aún es temprano para determinar si es viable una elección extraordinaria, y es esencial que los proponentes diseñen mecanismos claros para llevar a cabo la propuesta sin afectar la gobernabilidad y el estado de derecho. Las leyes y las bases democráticas del país se hicieron para el bien común, no para complacencia política de una persona.
Las leyes en México no son retroactivas, de tal manera que, si AMLO ya fue votado para durar un sexenio, no podría retirarse de su cargo.
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